ICT: HTML NOTES

HTML Headings

HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.

<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading:

Example

<h1>This is heading 1</h1>

<h2>This is heading 2</h2>

<h3>This is heading 3</h3>

Note: Use HTML headings for headings only. Don't use headings to make text BIG or bold.

HTML Paragraphs

HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag:

Example

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

HTML Links

HTML links are defined with the <a> tag:

Example

The link's destination is specified in the href attribute.

Attributes are used to provide additional information about HTML elements.

HTML Images

HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.

The source file (src), alternative text (alt), and size (width and height) are provided as attributes:

Example

HTML Elements

An HTML element usually consists of a start tag and end tag, with the content inserted in between:

<tagname>Content goes here...</tagname>

The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

Start tag Element content End tag

<h1> My First Heading </h1>

<p> My first paragraph. </p>

<br>

HTML Horizontal Rules

The <hr> tag defines a thematic break in an HTML page, and is most often displayed as a horizontal rule.

The <hr> element is used to separate content (or define a change) in an HTML page:

Example

<h1>This is heading 1</h1>

<hr>

<h2>This is heading 2</h2>

<p>This is some other text.</p>

<hr>

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The HTML <head> Element

The HTML <head> element has nothing to do with HTML headings.

The <head> element is a container for metadata. HTML metadata is data about the HTML document. Metadata is not displayed.

The <head> element is placed between the <html> tag and the <body> tag:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>My First HTML</title>

</head>

<body>

.....

</body>

</html>

Note: Metadata typically define the document title, character set, styles, links, scripts, and other meta information.

HTML Tip - How to View HTML Source

Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered "Hey! How did they do that?"

To find out, right-click in the page and select "View Page Source" (in Chrome) or "View Source" (in IE), or similar in another browser. This will open a window containing the HTML code of the page.

HTML Tag Reference

W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about these tags and their attributes.

You will learn more about HTML tags and attributes in the next chapters of this tutorial.

Tag Description

<html>

Defines the root of an HTML document

<body>

Defines the document's body

<head>

A container for all the head elements (title, scripts, styles, meta information, and more)

Defines HTML headings

<hr>

Defines a thematic change in the content

HTML Paragraphs

The HTML <p> element defines a paragraph:

Example

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

Note: Browsers automatically add some white space (a margin) before and after a paragraph.

HTML Display

You cannot be sure how HTML will be displayed.

Large or small screens, and resized windows will create different results.

With HTML, you cannot change the output by adding extra spaces or extra lines in your HTML code.

The browser will remove any extra spaces and extra lines when the page is displayed:

Example

<p>

This paragraph

contains a lot of lines

in the source code,

but the browser

ignores it.

</p>

<p>

This paragraph

contains a lot of spaces

in the source code,

but the browser

ignores it.

</p>

Don't Forget the End Tag

Most browsers will display HTML correctly even if you forget the end tag:

Example

<p>This is a paragraph.

<p>This is another paragraph.

The example above will work in most browsers, but do not rely on it.

Note: Dropping the end tag can produce unexpected results or errors.

HTML Line Breaks

The HTML <br> element defines a line break.

Use <br> if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new paragraph:

Example

<p>This is<br>a paragraph<br>with line breaks.</p>

The <br> tag is an empty tag, which means that it has no end tag.

The Poem Problem

This poem will display as one line:

Example

<p>

My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

My Bonnie lies over the sea.

My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.

</p>

The HTML <pre> Element

The HTML <pre> element defines preformatted text.

The text inside a <pre> element is displayed in a fixed-width font (usually Courier), and it preserves both spaces and line breaks:

Example

<pre>

My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

My Bonnie lies over the sea.

My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.

</pre>

HTML Tag Reference

Tag Description

<p>

Defines a paragraph

<br>

Inserts a single line break

<pre>

Defines pre-formatted text

The HTML Style Attribute

Setting the style of an HTML element, can be done with the style attribute.

The HTML style attribute has the following syntax:

The property is a CSS property. The value is a CSS value.

HTML Background Color

The background-color property defines the background color for an HTML element.

This example sets the background color for a page to powderblue:

Example

<h1>This is a heading</h1>

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>

HTML Text Color

The color property defines the text color for an HTML element:

Example

<h1 style="color:blue;">This is a heading</h1>

<p style="color:red;">This is a paragraph.</p>

HTML Fonts

The font-family property defines the font to be used for an HTML element:

Example

<h1 style="font-family:verdana;">This is a heading</h1>

<p style="font-family:courier;">This is a paragraph.</p>

HTML Text Size

The font-size property defines the text size for an HTML element:

Example

<h1 style="font-size:300%;">This is a heading</h1>

<p style="font-size:160%;">This is a paragraph.</p>

HTML Text Alignment

The text-align property defines the horizontal text alignment for an HTML element:

Example

<h1 style="text-align:center;">Centered Heading</h1>

<p style="text-align:center;">Centered paragraph.</p>

HTML Formatting Elements

In the previous chapter, you learned about the HTML style attribute.

HTML also defines special elements for defining text with a special meaning.

HTML uses elements like <b> and <i> for formatting output, like bold or italic text.

Formatting elements were designed to display special types of text:

• <b> - Bold text

• <strong> - Important text

• <i> - Italic text

• <em> - Emphasized text

• <mark> - Marked text

• <small> - Small text

• <del> - Deleted text

• <ins> - Inserted text

• <sub> - Subscript text

• <sup> - Superscript text

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HTML <b> and <strong> Elements

The HTML <b> element defines bold text, without any extra importance.

Example

The HTML <strong> element defines strong text, with added semantic "strong" importance.

Example

<strong>This text is strong</strong>

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HTML <i> and <em> Elements

The HTML <i> element defines italic text, without any extra importance.

Example

<i>This text is italic</i>

The HTML <em> element defines emphasized text, with added semantic importance.

Example

<em>This text is emphasized</em>

Note: Browsers display <strong> as <b>, and <em> as <i>. However, there is a difference in the meaning of these tags: <b> and <i> defines bold and italic text, but <strong> and <em> means that the text is "important".

________________________________________

HTML <small> Element

The HTML <small> element defines smaller text:

Example

<h2>HTML <small>Small</small> Formatting</h2>

________________________________________

HTML <mark> Element

The HTML <mark> element defines marked or highlighted text:

Example

<h2>HTML <mark>Marked</mark> Formatting</h2>

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HTML <del> Element

The HTML <del> element defines deleted (removed) text.

Example

<p>My favorite color is <del>blue</del> red.</p>

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HTML <ins> Element

The HTML <ins> element defines inserted (added) text.

Example

<p>My favorite <ins>color</ins> is red.</p>

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HTML <sub> Element

The HTML <sub> element defines subscripted text.

Example

<p>This is <sub>subscripted</sub> text.</p>

________________________________________

HTML <sup> Element

The HTML <sup> element defines superscripted text.

Example

<p>This is <sup>superscripted</sup> text.</p>

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Test Yourself with Exercises!

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Color Names

In HTML, a color can be specified by using a color name:

Example

Color	Name
	Red
	Orange
	Yellow
	Cyan
	Blue

HTML supports 140 standard color names.

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RGB Value

In HTML, a color can also be specified as an RGB value, using this formula: rgb(red, green, blue)

Each parameter (red, green, and blue) defines the intensity of the color between 0 and 255.

For example, rgb(255,0,0) is displayed as red, because red is set to its highest value (255) and the others are set to 0.

To display the color black, all color parameters must be set to 0, like this: rgb(0,0,0).

To display the color white, all color parameters must be set to 255, like this: rgb(255,255,255).

Red	Green	Blue
255	0	0

Experiment by mixing the RGB values below:

Red Green Blue

255 0 0

rgb(255, 0, 0)

Example

Color	RGB
	rgb(255,0,0)
	rgb(255,255,0)
	rgb(0,255,0)
	rgb(0,255,255)
	rgb(0,0,255)

Shades of gray are often defined using equal values for all the 3 light sources:

Example

Color	RGB
	rgb(0,0,0)
	rgb(90,90,90)
	rgb(128,128,128)
	rgb(200,200,200)
	rgb(255,255,255)

HEX Value

In HTML, a color can also be specified using a hexadecimal value in the form: #RRGGBB, where RR (red), GG (green) and BB (blue) are hexadecimal values between 00 and FF (same as decimal 0-255).

For example, #FF0000 is displayed as red, because red is set to its highest value (FF) and the others are set to the lowest value (00).

Example

Color	HEX
	#FF0000
	#FFFF00
	#00FF00
	#00FFFF
	#0000FF

Shades of gray are often defined using equal values for all the 3 light sources:

Example

Color	HEX
	#000000
	#404040
	#808080
	#CCCCCC
	#FFFFFF

HTML Links - Colors

When you move the mouse over a link, two things will normally happen:

• The mouse arrow will turn into a little hand

• The color of the link element will change

By default, a link will appear like this (in all browsers):

• An unvisited link is underlined and blue

• A visited link is underlined and purple

• An active link is underlined and red

You can change the default colors, by using styles:

Example

<style>

a:link {color:green; background-color:transparent; text-decoration:none}

a:visited {color:pink; background-color:transparent; text-decoration:none}

a:hover {color:red; background-color:transparent; text-decoration:underline}

a:active {color:yellow; background-color:transparent; text-decoration:underline}

</style>

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HTML Links - The target Attribute

The target attribute specifies where to open the linked document.

The target attribute can have one of the following values:

• _blank - Opens the linked document in a new window or tab

• _self - Opens the linked document in the same window/tab as it was clicked (this is default)

• _parent - Opens the linked document in the parent frame

• _top - Opens the linked document in the full body of the window

• framename - Opens the linked document in a named frame

This example will open the linked document in a new browser window/tab:

Example

<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/" target="_blank">Visit W3Schools!</a>

Tip: If your webpage is locked in a frame, you can use target="_top" to break out of the frame:

Example

<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html/" target="_top">HTML5 tutorial!</a>

________________________________________

HTML Links - Image as Link

It is common to use images as links:

Example

</a>

Note: border:0; is added to prevent IE9 (and earlier) from displaying a border around the image (when the image is a link).

________________________________________

HTML Links - Create a Bookmark

HTML bookmarks are used to allow readers to jump to specific parts of a Web page.

Bookmarks can be useful if your webpage is very long.

To make a bookmark, you must first create the bookmark, and then add a link to it.

When the link is clicked, the page will scroll to the location with the bookmark.

Example

First, create a bookmark with the id attribute:

<h2 id="tips">Useful Tips Section</h2>

Then, add a link to the bookmark ("Useful Tips Section"), from within the same page:

<a href="#tips">Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>

Or, add a link to the bookmark ("Useful Tips Section"), from another page:

Example

<a href="html_tips.html#tips">Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>

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Chapter Summary

• Use the <a> element to define a link

• Use the href attribute to define the link address

• Use the target attribute to define where to open the linked document

• Use the <img> element (inside <a>) to use an image as a link

• Use the id attribute (id="value") to define bookmarks in a page

• Use the href attribute (href="#value") to link to the bookmark

HTML Images Syntax

In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag.

The <img> tag is empty, it contains attributes only, and does not have a closing tag.

The src attribute specifies the URL (web address) of the image:

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The alt Attribute

The alt attribute provides an alternate text for an image, if the user for some reason cannot view it (because of slow connection, an error in the src attribute, or if the user uses a screen reader).

If a browser cannot find an image, it will display the value of the alt attribute:

Example

The alt attribute is required. A web page will not validate correctly without it.

________________________________________

HTML Screen Readers

A screen reader is a software program that reads the HTML code, converts the text, and allows the user to "listen" to the content. Screen readers are useful for people who are blind, visually impaired, or learning disabled.

________________________________________

Image Size - Width and Height

You can use the style attribute to specify the width and height of an image.

The values are specified in pixels (use px after the value):

Example

Alternatively, you can use the width and height attributes. Here, the values are specified in pixels by default:

Example

Note: Always specify the width and height of an image. If width and height are not specified, the page will flicker while the image loads.

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Width and Height, or Style?

Both the width, height, and style attributes are valid in HTML5.

However, we suggest using the style attribute. It prevents internal or external styles sheets from changing the original size of images:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

img {

width:100%;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

</body>

</html>

________________________________________

Images in Another Folder

If not specified, the browser expects to find the image in the same folder as the web page.

However, it is common to store images in a sub-folder. You must then include the folder name in the src attribute:

Example

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Images on Another Server

Some web sites store their images on image servers.

Actually, you can access images from any web address in the world:

Example

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Animated Images

The GIF standard allows animated images:

Example

Note that the syntax of inserting animated images is no different from non-animated images.

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Using an Image as a Link

To use an image as a link, simply nest the <img> tag inside the <a> tag:

Example

</a>

Note: border:0; is added to prevent IE9 (and earlier) from displaying a border around the image (when the image is a link).

________________________________________

Image Floating

Use the CSS float property to let the image float to the right or to the left of a text:

Example

The image will float to the right of the text.</p>

The image will float to the left of the text.</p>

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Image Maps

Use the <map> tag to define an image-map. An image-map is an image with clickable areas.

The name attribute of the <map> tag is associated with the <img>'s usemap attribute and creates a relationship between the image and the map.

The <map> tag contains a number of <area> tags, that defines the clickable areas in the image-map:

Example

</map>

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Chapter Summary

• Use the HTML <img> element to define an image

• Use the HTML src attribute to define the URL of the image

• Use the HTML alt attribute to define an alternate text for an image, if it cannot be displayed

• Use the HTML width and height attributes to define the size of the image

• Use the CSS width and height properties to define the size of the image (alternatively)

• Use the CSS float property to let the image float

• Use the HTML <map> element to define an image-map

• Use the HTML <area> element to define the clickable areas in the image-map

• Use the HTML <img>'s element usemap attribute to point to an image-map

Defining an HTML Table

An HTML table is defined with the <table> tag.

Each table row is defined with the <tr> tag. A table header is defined with the <th> tag. By default, table headings are bold and centered. A table data/cell is defined with the <td> tag.

Example

<tr>

<th>Firstname</th>

<th>Lastname</th>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Smith</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Jackson</td>

</tr>

</table>

Note: The <td> elements are the data containers of the table.

They can contain all sorts of HTML elements; text, images, lists, other tables, etc.

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HTML Table - Adding a Border

If you do not specify a border for the table, it will be displayed without borders.

A border is set using the CSS border property:

Example

table, th, td {

border: 1px solid black;

}

Remember to define borders for both the table and the table cells.

________________________________________

HTML Table - Collapsed Borders

If you want the borders to collapse into one border, add the CSS border-collapse property:

Example

table, th, td {

border: 1px solid black;

border-collapse: collapse;

}

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HTML Table - Adding Cell Padding

Cell padding specifies the space between the cell content and its borders.

If you do not specify a padding, the table cells will be displayed without padding.

To set the padding, use the CSS padding property:

Example

th, td {

padding: 15px;

}

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HTML Table - Left-align Headings

By default, table headings are bold and centered.

To left-align the table headings, use the CSS text-align property:

Example

th {

text-align: left;

}

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HTML Table - Adding Border Spacing

Border spacing specifies the space between the cells.

To set the border spacing for a table, use the CSS border-spacing property:

Example

table {

border-spacing: 5px;

}

Note: If the table has collapsed borders, border-spacing has no effect.

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HTML Table - Cells that Span Many Columns

To make a cell span more than one column, use the colspan attribute:

Example

<tr>

<th colspan="2">Telephone</th>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Bill Gates</td>

</tr>

</table>

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HTML Table - Cells that Span Many Rows

To make a cell span more than one row, use the rowspan attribute:

Example

<tr>

<td>Bill Gates</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="2">Telephone:</th>

</tr>

<tr>

</tr>

</table>

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HTML Table - Adding a Caption

To add a caption to a table, use the <caption> tag:

Example

<caption>Monthly savings</caption>

<tr>

<th>Month</th>

<th>Savings</th>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>January</td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>February</td>

</tr>

</table>

Note: The <caption> tag must be inserted immediately after the <table> tag.

________________________________________

A Special Style for One Table

To define a special style for a special table, add an id attribute to the table:

Example

<tr>

<th>Firstname</th>

<th>Lastname</th>

</tr>

<tr>

<td>Jackson</td>

</tr>

</table>

Now you can define a special style for this table:

table#t01 {

width: 100%;

background-color: #f1f1c1;

}

And add more styles:

table#t01 tr:nth-child(even) {

background-color: #eee;

}

table#t01 tr:nth-child(odd) {

background-color: #fff;

}

table#t01 th {

color: white;

background-color: black;

}

________________________________________

Chapter Summary

• Use the HTML <table> element to define a table

• Use the HTML <tr> element to define a table row

• Use the HTML <td> element to define a table data

• Use the HTML <th> element to define a table heading

• Use the HTML <caption> element to define a table caption

• Use the CSS border property to define a border

• Use the CSS border-collapse property to collapse cell borders

• Use the CSS padding property to add padding to cells

• Use the CSS text-align property to align cell text

• Use the CSS border-spacing property to set the spacing between cells

• Use the colspan attribute to make a cell span many columns

• Use the rowspan attribute to make a cell span many rows

• Use the id attribute to uniquely define one table

________________________________________

Test Yourself with Exercises!

________________________________________

HTML Table Tags

Tag Description

<table>

Defines a table

<th>

Defines a header cell in a table

<tr>

Defines a row in a table

<td>

Defines a cell in a table

Defines a table caption

Specifies a group of one or more columns in a table for formatting

<col>

Specifies column properties for each column within a <colgroup> element

<thead>

Groups the header content in a table

<tbody>

Groups the body content in a table

<tfoot>

Groups the footer content in a table /td>

HTML Lists

« Previous

Next Chapter »

HTML List Example

An Unordered List:

• Item

An Ordered List:

1. First item

2. Second item

3. Third item

4. Fourth item

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Unordered HTML List

An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.

The list items will be marked with bullets (small black circles) by default:

Example

<ul>

<li>Coffee</li>

</ul>

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Unordered HTML List - Choose List Item Marker

The CSS list-style-type property is used to define the style of the list item marker:

Value Description

disc Sets the list item marker to a bullet (default)

circle Sets the list item marker to a circle

square Sets the list item marker to a square

none The list items will not be marked

Example - Disc

<li>Coffee</li>

</ul>

Example - Circle

<li>Coffee</li>

</ul>

Example - Square

<li>Coffee</li>

</ul>

Example - None

<li>Coffee</li>

</ul>

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Ordered HTML List

An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.

The list items will be marked with numbers by default:

Example

<ol>

<li>Coffee</li>

</ol>

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Ordered HTML List - The Type Attribute

The type attribute of the <ol> tag, defines the type of the list item marker:

Type Description

type="1" The list items will be numbered with numbers (default)

type="A" The list items will be numbered with uppercase letters

type="a" The list items will be numbered with lowercase letters

type="I" The list items will be numbered with uppercase roman numbers

type="i" The list items will be numbered with lowercase roman numbers

Numbers:

<li>Coffee</li>

</ol>

Uppercase Letters:

<li>Coffee</li>

</ol>

Lowercase Letters:

<li>Coffee</li>

</ol>

Uppercase Roman Numbers:

<li>Coffee</li>

</ol>

Lowercase Roman Numbers:

<li>Coffee</li>

</ol>

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HTML Description Lists

HTML also supports description lists.

A description list is a list of terms, with a description of each term.

The <dl> tag defines the description list, the <dt> tag defines the term (name), and the <dd> tag describes each term:

Example

<dl>

<dt>Coffee</dt>

<dd>- black hot drink</dd>

<dd>- white cold drink</dd>

</dl>

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Nested HTML Lists

List can be nested (lists inside lists):

Example

<ul>

<li>Coffee</li>

<li>Tea

<ul>

<li>Black tea</li>

<li>Green tea</li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

Note: List items can contain new list, and other HTML elements, like images and links, etc.

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Horizontal Lists

HTML lists can be styled in many different ways with CSS.

One popular way is to style a list horizontally, to create a menu:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

ul {

list-style-type: none;

margin: 0;

padding: 0;

overflow: hidden;

background-color: #333333;

}

li {

float: left;

}

li a {

display: block;

color: white;

text-align: center;

padding: 16px;

text-decoration: none;

}

li a:hover {

background-color: #111111;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<ul>

<li><a href="#contact">Contact</a></li>

<li><a href="#about">About</a></li>

</ul>

</body>

</html>

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Chapter Summary

• Use the HTML <ul> element to define an unordered list

• Use the CSS list-style-type property to define the list item marker

• Use the HTML <ol> element to define an ordered list

• Use the HTML type attribute to define the numbering type

• Use the HTML <li> element to define a list item

• Use the HTML <dl> element to define a description list

• Use the HTML <dt> element to define the description term

• Use the HTML <dd> element to define the description data

• Lists can be nested inside lists

• List items can contain other HTML elements

• Use the CSS property float:left or display:inline to display a list horizontally

________________________________________

Test Yourself with Exercises!

HTML List Tags

Tag Description

<ul>

Defines an unordered list

<ol>

Defines an ordered list

<li>

Defines a list item

<dl>

Defines a description list

<dt>

Defines the term in a description list

<dd>

Defines the description in a description list

ICT

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Monday 9 November 2020

HTML NOTES

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